Modelling behaviour in stochastic environments
Modelling behaviour in stochastic environments
The climate is changing not only towards warmer and wetter conditions, but we also expect greater variability and unpredictability, with more extreme environmental conditions occuring more frequently. In the long term, evolution will favour not only those that survive well and produce many offspring on average, but even more so those that have evolved strategies to achieve such consistently high survival and reproductive success independent of environmental unpredictability. In this research group we build general theoretical models that can help us predict under which conditions organisms should show these different kinds of adaptations to variable and unpredictable environments. We also use models to understand how single organisms can use several different kinds of adaptations and how these adaptations will interact with each other, perhaps over different evolutionary timescales. In addition, we develop other models of behaviour and life history decisions, like differential allocation.
Current research
Our main project is “Evolutionary responses to variable and unpredictable environments“ a “Young talented researchers” project from the Norwegian Research council. This currently includes development of models investigating evolution of epigenetic information use, plasticity and learning, insurance and bet-hedging, all in variable and unpredictable environments.
A side project we are working on is developing a solid theoretical framework for adaptive differential allocation (how parents should adjust their parental investment according to the quality of their mates).

Who are we?
Irja Ida Ratikainen. Developing models of behaviour and life history in variable and unpredictable environments. Individual based simulation models and stochastic dynamic optimization.
Christianne Dalsbotten Solvåg. Invertebrate tolerance to environmental variation in Hydropower reservoirs. Part of the SusHydro project on sustainable hydropower.
Martin Lind. Martin Lind is a visiting researcher from Uppsala University, interested in life history evolution in general, and focusing particularly on 1) evolution of inheritance systems (phenotypic plasticity, parental and epigenetic inheritance) during adaptation to heterogeneous environments and 2) the role of life-history trade-offs during the evolution of long lifespan.
PhD and Master projects
Current
- Sarah Lundregan (PhD in Linking ecological and genetic dynamics group): The roles of genetic variation, plasticity and epigenetics in connecting inbreeding depression, host-parasite interactions, and telomeric integrity.
- Tilde Hjermann (MSc): Sexual space use patterns in wild alpine reindeer: consequences for intersexual interactions.
Previous
- Thomas Ray Haaland (PhD): Modelling behavioural and life-history adaptations to variable and unpredictable environments, linking insurance, bet-hedging and canalization.
- Trygve Norgaard (MSc): Nest choice and potential reproductive rate in the two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens)
- Tora Olsen (MSc): Optimal thermal preferences in a state dependent model.
- Thea Gullichsen (MSc): Competitive strength of the invasive round goby.
- Katrine Andresen (MSc): Temperature effects on competition between an invasive and a native fish species
- Ioanna-Aikaterini Gavriilidi (MSc): Territoriality and competition in the two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens)
- Kristian Rye (MSc): Modelling partner retention effects in differential allocation theory
- Ashely Gilbreath (MSc): An investigation into animal personality in early benthic phase European lobster (Homarus gammarus)
- Håkon Johansen (MSc): A model of how individuals use information in the producer-scrounger game.
- Thomas Ray Haaland (MSc): A general stochastic dynamic model of the Differential Allocation hypothesis
Selected publications
Haaland, T.R., Wright, J., and Ratikainen, I.I. 2020. Generalists versus specialists in fluctuating environments: a bet‐hedging perspective. Oikos 129 (6) 879-890.
Haaland, T.R. and Botero, C.A. 2019. Alternative responses to rare selection events are differentially vulnerable to changes in the frequency, scope, and intensity of environmental extremes. Ecology and Evolution, 9 (20) 11752-11761.
Ratikainen, I.I. and Kokko, H. 2019. The coevolution of lifespan and reversible plasticity. Nature Communications 10, 538.
Haaland, T.R., Wright, J., Tufto, J. and Ratikainen, I.I. 2019. Short-term insurance versus long-term bet-hedging strategies as adaptations to variable environments. Evolution, 73 (2) 145-157.
Govaert, L., Fronhofer, E.A., Lion, S., Eizaguirre, C., Bonte, D., Egas, M., Hendry, A.P., Martins, A.B., Melián, C.J., Raeymaekers, J.A.M., Ratikainen, I.I., Sæther, B., Schweitzer, J.A. and Matthews, B. 2019. Eco‐evolutionary feedbacks—Theoretical models and perspectives. Functional Ecology 33, 13-30.
Ratikainen, I.I., Haaland, T.R. and Wright, J. 2018. Differential allocation of parental investment and the trade-off between size and number of offspring. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, 20181074.
Haaland, T.R., Wright, J. & Ratikainen, I.I. 2017. Differential allocation revisited: When should mate quality affect parental investment? American Naturalist 190, 534–546.