5 Grammar - LearnNoW
5 Grammar
5 Grammar
5 Grammar
PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are identical to object pronouns (see Chapter 3) except for ham, henne, dem where the pronoun seg is used:
1. | Jeg | vasker | meg. | myself |
2. | Du | vasker | deg. | yourself |
3. | Han | vasker | seg. | himself |
Hun | vasker | seg. | herself | |
Det/Den | vasker | seg. | itself | |
1. | Vi | vasker | oss. | ourselves |
2. | Dere | vasker | dere. | yourselves |
3. | De | vasker | seg. | themselves |
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object in the sentence are the same person(s). They indicate that the subject is performing the action upon itself, while a pronoun in the object form indicates that the action is performed upon someone else than the subject. Notice the difference in these sentences:
Han vasker seg. | He is washing himself. |
Han vasker ham. | He is washing him (e.g. his son). |
Reflexive verbs
Some verbs require a reflexive pronoun even if it may not seem logic. These verbs are called reflexive verbs:
Tone setter seg i stolen. | Tone sits down in the chair. |
Some common reflexive verbs are:
å sette seg | to sit down |
å ha med seg | to bring |
å glede seg til | to look forward to |
å skynde seg | to hurry |
å kose seg | to have a nice time |
å tørke seg | to dry oneself |
å kle på seg | to dress |
å barbere seg | to shave |
å komme seg ut | to get out quickly (e.g. in an emergency ) |
ADJECTIVES
Most adjectives add -t in the neuter and -e in the plural.
Attributive form
Below, the adjectives are placed in front of the nouns to which they refer:
Singular | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
en brun stol | ei brun seng | et brunt bord | brune stoler/senger/bord |
a brown chair | a brown bed | a brown table | brown chairs/beds/tables |
Predicative form
Below, the adjectives are connected to the noun with the verb er (am/is/are) - present tense of
å være (to be):
Singular | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Stolen er brun. | Senga er brun. | Bordet er brunt. | Stolene/sengene/bordene er brune. |
The chair is brown. | The bed is brown. | The table is brown. | The chairs/beds/tables are brown. |
ADVERBS
Movement/stationary
Some adverbs have two forms, one indicating movement, the other for stationary situations:
Movement | Stationary | ||
Han går inn. | in | Han er inne. | in/inside |
Han går ut. | out | Han er ute. | out/outside |
Han går opp i andre etasje. | up | Han er oppe. | up/upstairs |
Han går ned i første etasje. | down | Han er nede. | down/downstairs |
Han går hjem. | home | Han er hjemme. | at home |
Note that there are also two forms for here and there.
Movement | Stationary | ||
Han kommer hit. | here | Han er her. | here |
Han går dit. | there | Han er der. | there |
PREPOSITIONS
Place prepositions
More about prepositions in connection with place.
Bak (behind), foran (in front of), i (in), på (on), over (over), under (under) and ved siden av (next to) are typical prepositions in connection with place.
In the following we will have a closer look at the difference between i and på, and in addition explain the use of two other prepositions; til (to) and hos (at).
I
I is used when something is placed inside something, within borders or walls:
Klærne ligger i skapet. | The clothes are in the closet. |
Sofaen er i stua. | The sofa is in the living room. |
I is also used together with
Continents: | i Europa, i Asia |
Countries and states: | i Norge, i Kina, i Texas |
Cities: | i Trondheim, i Oslo, i Beijing |
Street names/addresses: | i Karl Johans gate, i Drammensveien 1 |
På
På is often used to indicate that something is on top of something else:
Boka ligger på bordet. | The book is on the table. |
På is also used in the following connections:
på skolen | at school |
på kino, teater | at the cinema, theatre |
på restaurant, kafé | in/at a restaurant, café |
på biblioteket | at the library |
på jobb/arbeid | at work |
på (ved) universitetet | at the university |
In the following connections i is also used:
på/i butikken | in/at the shop |
på/i kjøkkenet, stua | in the kitchen, living room |
på/i badet, soverommet | in the bathroom, bedroom |
På is also used together with:
Islands: | på Grønland (When the island is a state we use i: i Irland. Sometimes we can use both: på/i Sri Lanka.) |
Many inland cities in Norway: | på Røros, på Lillehammer |
Many parts of a city: | på Grorud, på Sinsen, på Frogner |
It is often difficult to explain the use of i and på together with Norwegian names of places. The topography or even the name itself often decides the preposition, but there are lots of exceptions and also local differences.
Til
Til is the most frequent preposition denoting movement towards a place:
Ben går til kantina. | Ben goes to the canteen. |
Skal du dra til Fjordvik i dag? | Are you going to Fjordvik today? |
Notice that i or på are generally used to express movement towards or into many rooms and institutions:
Dina går på badet. | Dina goes to the bathroom. |
Cecilie går i operaen. | Cecilie goes to the opera. |
Skal vi gå på kafé? | Shall we go to a café? |
Hos
Hos is used in front of persons in the meaning «at his/her place»:
De tar en kaffe hos Cecilie. | They have a coffee at Cecilie's. |
Så fint det er hos deg, Dina! | It is so nice at your place/in your room, Dina! |
We also use hos when we talk about some occupational groups:
Jeg er hos legen. | I am at the doctor's. |
When involving movement, we use til:
Anne går på besøk til Cecilie. | Anne goes for a visit at Cecilie's. |
Jeg må dra til legen. | I have to go to the doctor's. |