Neurology is a clinical discipline encompassing diseases in the nervous system and the musculature. Significant neurological diseases are multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, dementia, polyneuropathy, migraines and other headaches, back and neck pain, sleep disorders and myasthenia gravis.

The department's most important research tradition has been headaches, tied to former professor Ottar Sjaastad, who has been an international pioneer in the field. This work continues in the National Competence Centre for Headache (Norwegian).

Several of the department's doctors are involved in the HUNT 3 study, now encompassing several questions related to neurology, such as headache, muscle or skeletal pain, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, sleep, alcoholism and memory. Professor Knut Hagen and professor Lars Jacob Stovner, both at the National Competence Centre for Headache, have important roles in the HUNT 3 study. Hagen as head of the neuroscience part of HUNT 3, and Stovner as head of the MR-HUNT project.

Under the direction of professor and chief physician Jan Aasly, extensive research has been conducted through a number of years on Parkinson's disease and dementia. This research, covering both clinical and genetics, has been conducted in close collaberation with the Neurobiological Laboratory and environments at the Mayo-clinic in Florida. These projects are under the collective name "Trønderbrain" and have resulted in several doctorates, a fruitful international collaberation and discoveries of new genes causing Parkinson's disease.

Professor Eylert Brodtkorb's research has mainly been related to epilepsy and mental development inhibition, cerebral malformations as a cause of epilepsy, organisation of care for epileptics, pharmacological and clinical aspects of antiepileptics, as well as genetic mutations that can cause special epilepsy syndromes.

Associate professor Geir Bråthen has participated in several studies about epilepsy, as well as having performed studies on the neurological effects of alcohol use.

Professor Harald Schrader have done epidemiological and clinical studies on sleep disorders. He has probably had the greatest influence through initiating and leading epidemiological studies in Lithuania on the effect of moderate head and neck injuries (whiplash and concussion). He has also initiated important studies on the use of preventive drugs for headaches in collaberation with the National Competence Centre for Headache.