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  1. 6
  2. Grammar

Språkvelger

6 Grammar NoWiN

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6 Grammar

6 Grammar

VERBS

Present perfect

The present perfect (cf. has bought) is formed with the verb å ha (to have) and the past participle of the main verb: har + kjøpt = har kjøpt.

The present perfect is used when we are focused on the consequences of an event and not the time when it happened:

Anton har kjøpt ei jakke.
Anton has bought a jacket.

The present perfect is also used when something started in the past and is still going on:

Dai Wu har vært i Narvik i ei uke.
Dai Wu has been in Narvik for one week and he is still in Narvik.

Regular and irregular verbs

A. There are four classes of regular verbs:
Group 1: The verbs add the ending -et.

Infinitive: å snakke speak/talk å vaske wash å lage make
Past tense: snakket vasket laget
Present perfect: har snakket har vasket har laget

Group 2: The verbs add the ending -t.

Infinitive: å kjøpe buy å spise eat å begynne begin
Past tense: kjøpte spiste begynte
Present perfect: har kjøpt har spist har begynt

Group 3: The verbs add the ending -d.

Infinitive: å prøve try å greie manage å leie rent
Past tense: prøvde greide leide
Present perfect: har prøvd har greid har leid

Group 4: The verbs add the ending -dd.

Infinitive: å bety mean å bo live å nå reach
Past tense: betydde bodde nådde
Present perfect: har betydd har bodd har nådd

B. The irregular verbs have other forms.

Infinitive: å dra go/travel å drikke drink å finne find
Past tense: dro drakk fant
Present perfect: har dratt har drukket har funnet

More irregular verbs:

Infinitive   Present tense Past tense Past participle
å bli become blir ble blitt
å brenne burn brenner brant brent
å dra go/travel drar dro(g) dratt
å drikke drink drikker drakk drukket
å dø die dør døde dødd
å finne find finner fant funnet
å forstå understand forstår forsto forstått
å fortelle tell forteller fortalte fortalt
å fortsette continue fortsetter fortsatte fortsatt
å få get/receive får fikk fått
å gi give gir ga(v) gitt
å gjøre do gjør gjorde gjort
å gå go/walk går gikk gått
å ha have har hadde hatt
å hete be called/named heter het hett
å hjelpe help hjelper hjalp hjulpet
å komme come kommer kom kommet
å le laugh ler lo ledd
å legge lay/put legger la lagt
å ligge lie ligger lå ligget
å møte meet møter møtte møtt
å se see ser så sett
å selge sell selger solgte solgt
å sette set/put setter satte satt
å si say sier sa sagt
å sitte sit sitter satt sittet
å skrive write skriver skrev skrevet
å sove sleep sover sov sovet
å spørre ask spør spurte spurt
å stå stand står sto(d) stått
å synge sing synger sang sunget
å ta take tar tok tatt
å treffe meet/hit treffer traff truffet
å velge choose velger valgte valgt
å vite know vet visste visst
å være be er var vært

Auxiliary verbs

Infinitive   Present tense Past tense Past participle
å burde ought to bør burde burdet
å kunne can kan kunne kunnet
å måtte must/have to må måtte måttet
å skulle shall skal skulle skullet
å ville will vil ville villet

ADJECTIVES

The adjective appears, as we have seen in Chapter 3 and 4, in the following positions:

- as attributes (in front of) describing indefinite nouns: en stor bil
- as predicates after verbs like å være (to be): bilen er stor

In en stor bil the adjective is placed in front of a noun in indefinite form. However, attributive adjectives can also describe definite nouns (i.e. the big car). Then the adjectives end in -e (just like the plural form). In addition, the adjectives require the definite articles: den, det and de which agree in gender and number with the noun: den + store + bilen = den store bilen (the big car).

The so-called double definite construction is special. In English there is only one element that expresses definite form (the big car). In Norwegian, definite form is marked twice: first by the definite article (den, det, de) and then by the definite form of the noun (bilen).

Singular     Plural
Masc. Fem. Neut.  
en stor bil
a big car
ei stor veske
a big handbag
et stort bord
a big table
store biler/vesker/bord
big cars/handbags/tables
den store bilen
the big car
den store veska
the big handbag
det store bordet
the big table
de store bilene/veskene/bordene
the big cars/handbags/tables

Note the irregular form of liten (small):

Singular     Plural
Masc. Fem. Neut.  
en liten bil
a small car
ei lita veske
a small handbag
et lite skjerf
a small scarf
små biler/vesker/skjerf
small cars/handbags/scarfs
den lille bilen
the small car
den lille veska
the small handbag
det lille skjerfet
the small scarf
de små bilene/veskene/skjerfene
the small cars/handbags/scarfs

WORD ORDER

There are two types of clauses in Norwegian: main clauses and subordinate clauses.

1. Main clauses
A main clause is an independent sentence. The verb (finite verb) is the second element, except in questions without a question word where the verb is in initial position:

Dai Wu bor i Skistua.
Hva studerer han?
Studerer han på HiN?

Adverbs like ikke (not) are placed after the verb:

Dai Wu kommer ikke fra England.
Catalina studerer ikke på Jaklamyra.
Anton snakker ikke tysk.

The conjunctions og (and) and men (but) start main clauses:

Dai Wu bor i Skistua, og han studerer på HiN.
Dai Wu liker ikke te, men han drikker kaffe.

2. Subordinate clauses
A subordinate clause is a dependent sentence. Normally it is part of a main clause. A subordinate clause typically starts with a subordinating conjunction. In Chapter 6 you are presented to three of them:

fordi because
at that
om whether, if

The subordinating conjunction is followed by the subject of the sentence and the verb:

Jeg har lært litt norsk fordi jeg har en norsk venn.
Jeg hørte at du fortalte det til læreren.
Læreren spør om Dai Wu har gått på norskkurs før.

Adverbs like ikke (not) are placed in front of the verb:

Anton må gå til Studentsamskipnaden   fordi han ikke har betalt semesteravgiften.
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